美國住房金融市場的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)積聚研究【8】

　　其次，建立完美風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略。在利率市場化和資產(chǎn)證券化的背景下，住房金融事業(yè)部也將逐步開展衍生品交易業(yè)務(wù)，建議采用完美風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略管理利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和預(yù)付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：（1）使用可贖回債券與利率互換期權(quán)對沖違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和預(yù)付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有漏洞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略是導(dǎo)致政府贊助企業(yè)在危機(jī)中巨額虧損的原因，而非其對金融工具的使用。住房金融事業(yè)部應(yīng)充分利用金融工具的對沖功能降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露。（2）要求衍生品合約交易對手提供抵押品。盡管交易對手違約出現(xiàn)的可能性較低，但基于美國住房政府贊助企業(yè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，住房金融事業(yè)部應(yīng)為可能出現(xiàn)的金融市場波動做好準(zhǔn)備。（3）在經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期尋求備選的衍生品交易對手。在危機(jī)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，住房金融事業(yè)部可與事先協(xié)商好的衍生品交易對手以約定的價(jià)格簽訂新的衍生品合約，降低交易對手更換風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，及時(shí)調(diào)整衍生品頭寸。（4）謹(jǐn)慎管理生息資產(chǎn)與付息負(fù)債的久期缺口。考慮到住房金融事業(yè)部將主要向投資者發(fā)行長期的住房金融債，其久期缺口管理應(yīng)比政府贊助企業(yè)更易管理。（5）實(shí)施完美對沖策略將利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化。由于住房金融事業(yè)部由政府支持，其有責(zé)任保護(hù)納稅人的利益。可能損失最小化的途徑之一就是盡可能降低其自身的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露。

　　第三，主動運(yùn)用市場化手段。國家開發(fā)銀行的成功在很大程度上得益于與傳統(tǒng)政策性銀行不同的經(jīng)營方式，在開發(fā)性金融的框架下，實(shí)施市場化、商業(yè)化的經(jīng)營管理模式。政策性住房金融業(yè)務(wù)要持續(xù)發(fā)展，也需要防范信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、保證貸款的回收和必要的收益。例如，住房金融事業(yè)部可以考慮發(fā)行抵押貸款證券來提高其資金周轉(zhuǎn)率，向市場轉(zhuǎn)移利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與預(yù)付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管中國抵押貸款市場仍不成熟，但住房金融事業(yè)部可以擔(dān)負(fù)起主導(dǎo)或促進(jìn)建立中國抵押貸款證券一級市場與二級市場發(fā)展的職能。

　　（本文系國家社會科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“日本量化寬松政策溢出效應(yīng)與東亞主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體貨幣政策協(xié)調(diào)研究”的階段性成果，項(xiàng)目編號為13BGJ042；美國伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士研究生岳旸對此文亦有貢獻(xiàn)）

　　注釋

　　①這種現(xiàn)象可以歸因?yàn)椴煌�利率水平下�?shí)際預(yù)付比率的凸性。

　　②數(shù)據(jù)來源為2013年房利美年度報(bào)告。

　　③Delta對沖保證當(dāng)資產(chǎn)價(jià)格經(jīng)歷微小波動時(shí)組合價(jià)值不變。

　　④聯(lián)邦基金利率可以用來反映市場借款成本。

　　⑤數(shù)據(jù)來自美國證券業(yè)與金融市場協(xié)會網(wǎng)站，http://www.sifma.org。

　　⑥數(shù)據(jù)來源聯(lián)邦住房金融局2010年度國會報(bào)告，http://www.fhfa.gov。

　　參考文獻(xiàn)

　　Becketti, S., 1989, "The Prepayment Risk of Mortgage-backed Securities", Economic Review, pp43-57.

　　Demyanyk, Y., &Van Hemert, O., 2008, "Understanding the Subprime Mortgage Crisis", Retrieved from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: http://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/cfr/2008/mar/CFR_SS_2008_DemyanykHemert.pdf.

　　DiVenti, T. R., 2009, "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Past, Present, and Future",Policy Briefs, pp231-242.

　　Fannie Mae., 2001-2013, Fannie Mae 10-K Report, Retrieved from Fannie Mae: http://www.fanniemae.com/portal/about-us/investor-relations/annual-reports-proxy-statements.html.

　　Fannie Mae., 2011, "Fannie Mae Debt Securities", Retrieved from Fannie Mae: http://www.fanniemae.com/resources/file/debt/pdf/understanding-debt/Callable_Brochure.pdf.

　　Federal Housing Finance Agency, 2011, Report to Congress, Washington D.C.: Federal Housing Finance Agency.

　　Federal Housing Finance Agency, 2013, The Housing Government-Sponsored Enterprises' Challenges in Managing Interest Rate Risks, Washington D.C.: Federal Housing Finance Agency.

　　Hubbard, R. G., 2003, "Evaluating Liquidity Risk Management at Fannie Mae", Fannie Mae Papers, Volumn II, Issue 5.

　　Jaffee, D. July 2002, "The Interest Rate Risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac", Retrieved from UC Berkeley Haas Business School : http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/jaffee/Papers/FFJuly31.pdf.

　　Poole, W., 2005, "GSE Risks", Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, pp85-91.

　　Schmid, F. A., 2005, "Stock Return and Interest Rate Risk at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Federal Reserve Bank of St", Louis Review, pp35-48.

　　Thomas, J., &Van Order, R, March 2011, "A Closer Look at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: What We Know, What We Think We Know and What We Don't Know", Retrieved from George Washington University Business: http://business.gwu.edu/creua/research-papers/files/fannie-freddie.pdf.

　　United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, 2014, "Summary of Senate Banking Committee Leader' Bipartisan Housing Finance Reform Draf", Retrieved from United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs: http://www.banking.senate.gov/public/_files/SummaryoftheBipartisanHousingFinanceReformDraft_update.pdf.

　　Weicher, J. C., November 2010, "The Affordable Housing Goals, Homeownership and Risk: Some Lessons from Past Efforts to Regulate the GSEs", Retrieved from St. Louis Federal Reserve: http://research.stlouisfed.org/conferences/gse/Weicher.pdf.

　　Research on the Risk Accumulation of the US Housing Financial Market

　　Guo Mingshe Guo Hongyu

　　Abstract: In this paper, we conducted both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the risk management tools and practices of the US housing GSEs (government-sponsored enterprises). It was found that the reasons for the risk accumulation of the GSEs in the subprime mortgage crisis are: (1) to reduce costs when using the risk management tools, the GSEs adopted the imperfect hedging strategy; (2) to pursue high returns, they took advantage of their relatively lower financing costs and bought private standard mortgage bonds in order to benefit through arbitrage; (3) while there was no reasonable pathway to attain the target, they pressured the government about the regulatory objectives, leading to the expansion of risk exposure. This paper thinks that the profits-reaping acts of the policy-related financial institutions will increase the credit risk, and ignoring the pathway to achieve the regulatory objectives is the latent danger behind the accumulation of risk. Therefore, China's policy-related housing financial institutions should improve their self-regulatory capacity in order to establish a perfect risk management strategy.

　　Keywords: housing GSEs, the Subprime Crisis, policy-related housing finance, risk management

　　郭明社，國家開發(fā)銀行規(guī)劃總監(jiān)兼信貸局局長、高級會計(jì)師。研究方向?yàn)殂y行信貸管理。郭紅玉，對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)金融學(xué)院教授、博導(dǎo)。研究方向?yàn)樨泿耪�策與銀行信貸管理。主要著作有《股份制與股份有限公司》《適度從緊的貨幣政策操作與實(shí)施》《國債宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)研究》《財(cái)政貨幣政策協(xié)調(diào)配合的路徑研究》等。